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Article History

Received: 11 May 2025

Accepted: 25 May 2026

First Online: 5 June 2026

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: “This study received ethical approval from the Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Administrative Sciences, Thamar University, Dhamar, Yemen (Approval number: RECTU202412), which guarantees that ethical guidelines are followed for research involving human subjects. The approval was granted after the committee reviewed the research proposal and questionnaire items.”

: “Participants were given written informed consent forms that outlined the study’s nature and purpose, as well as their rights and responsibilities. Since data was collected through a survey between January and March 2025, this served as written authorization. Participants were assured that they could withdraw from the study at any time without any repercussions and that their participation in it was entirely voluntary.”