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Article History

Received: 7 June 2025

Accepted: 26 May 2026

First Online: 1 June 2026

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study was reviewed by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) at An-Najah National University and was granted Exempt (Waiver) status (Ref. No. Sci. Feb. 2026/63; 22 February 2026). The IRB determined that the study met the criteria for exemption from full committee review under institutional guidelines governing research involving secondary, fully anonymized administrative data. All procedures were conducted in accordance with applicable institutional regulations and ethical standards.

: The study utilized secondary administrative academic records that were fully anonymized prior to analysis. In accordance with the IRB exemption determination, the requirement for individual informed consent was waived. No personally identifiable information was accessible to the authors at any stage of the study.