Chang, Lixin
Ibrahim, Nurazim
Nordin, Norhaiza
Article History
Received: 23 January 2026
Accepted: 26 May 2026
First Online: 13 June 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: Ethical approval was not required under the authors’ institutional guidelines because this study did not involve experiments on human participants or animals. The study used anonymised expert consultation for academic research purposes. No personal sensitive information, identifiable private data, or vulnerable participant information was collected. All expert judgements were used only in aggregated form for the construction and application of the decision-making model.
: Informed consent was obtained from all experts who participated in the consultation. Before providing their judgements, the experts were informed of the academic purpose of the study, the voluntary nature of participation, the anonymous use of their responses, and the fact that their evaluations would be used only for research and model-analysis purposes.