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Article History

Received: 16 December 2025

Accepted: 26 May 2026

First Online: 3 June 2026

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study received ethical approval from the Research Ethics Review Board (REB) at Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Approval Number: IMSIU-REB-2025-22814, dated October 15, 2025). All research procedures were conducted in accordance with the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki (2013) and the Saudi National Committee of Bioethics (NCBE) regulations for research involving human participants. The study protocol was reviewed and approved before commencement of participant recruitment and data collection.

: Written informed consent was obtained electronically from all participants before they participated in this study. The consent process was conducted between October 20 and November 30, 2025, during the data collection phase. Participants accessed the online survey via Google Forms, where the first page presented a detailed informed consent form in Arabic. The consent form included: (a) a comprehensive explanation of the study’s purpose, objectives, and procedures; (b) a clear statement that participation was voluntary; (c) information about data confidentiality and anonymity; and (d) an estimated time commitment (approximately 10–15 minutes to complete the survey). Participants indicated their consent by clicking an electronic checkbox stating ‘I have read and understood the information above and agree to participate in this study’ before accessing the survey items. Only those who provided explicit consent were able to proceed to the questionnaire. No oral consent was obtained; all consents were documented electronically through the survey platform, with timestamps automatically recorded. A copy of the informed consent form (in both Arabic and English translation) is available as supplementary material.