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Authors
Wei, Man
Huang, Tai
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Social Science Foundation of China (No. 23BGL168)
National Social Science Foundation of China (No. 23BGL168)
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Article History
Received: 11 April 2025
Accepted: 26 May 2026
First Online: 4 June 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: Ethical approval for this study was granted by Shanghai University of International Business and Economics on 2 April 2026 as supplementary ethics approval. All procedures performed in this study were in accordance with institutional research guidelines and the Declaration of Helsinki and its subsequent amendments or comparable ethical standards. This study was a non-medical, non-interventional social science study, and the questionnaire was considered not to pose adverse effects on participants’ mental health.
: Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study. From 1 August 2024 to 31 December 2024, the nature and objectives of the study, together with the participants’ right to withdraw at any time, were explained to participants before they completed the questionnaire or participated in the interview. Participants took part in the survey or interview on an informed and voluntary basis.
