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Article History

Received: 20 November 2025

Accepted: 27 May 2026

First Online: 3 June 2026

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study received ethical clearance from SDN Ulujami 06, Jakarta Selatan, Indonesia, which reviewed and approved all research procedures involving students and expert validators. The school confirmed that the study complied with institutional ethical standards and child protection guidelines. The ethical approval was granted with the following details: Approval Number: SDN-Ulujami06/EA/2025/045; Date of Approval: 12 March 2025; Approval Authority: Principal (Head of School), SDN Ulujami 06; Approval Status: Full School-Level Ethical Approval. All research activities, including the readability assessment, expert validation, and the use of photographs depicting students interacting with the picturebook, were reviewed and approved prior to implementation.

: Written informed consent was obtained from all expert validators participating in this study. For student participants involved in the readability assessment, written parental/guardian consent was obtained prior to the start of data collection, including explicit permission for: participation in the research activities, collection of students’ readability responses and the use of student photographs and school activity images for research and publication purposes. Consent was obtained on 10–12 March 2025, before the research activities commenced at SDN Ulujami 06. All participating students were under the age of 16; therefore, parental or legal guardian consent was required and obtained in accordance with ethical guidelines. Participants’ identities were kept confidential, and no personal information was disclosed in the manuscript.

: This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical guidelines for research involving human participants and adhered to the principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki. All participants involved in this study provided their voluntary and informed consent prior to data collection. The aims, procedures, potential benefits, and minimal risks of the research were clearly explained to all participants. For young learners participating in the ecopedagogy picturebook activities, written informed consent was obtained from their parents or legal guardians. Participation was entirely voluntary, and participants had the right to withdraw at any point without any negative consequences.

: Written consent for publication was obtained from all participants whose images, photographs, or identifiable information are included in this manuscript. For young learners, written consent was obtained from their parents or legal guardians, who agreed to the use of the photographs for academic publication purposes. All identifiable individuals reviewed and approved the use of their images prior to manuscript submission.