Document is current

Article History

Received: 25 June 2025

Accepted: 29 May 2026

First Online: 19 June 2026

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study received ethical approval from the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine (Approval No. Hum. Nov. 2024/23), granted on November 15, 2024. The IRB reviewed and approved all procedures related to participant recruitment, informed consent, data collection, and data analysis. The study involved minimal-risk activities, specifically structured interviews with adult participants. All research procedures were conducted in accordance with the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki and relevant institutional and national guidelines governing research involving human participants.

: Written informed consent was obtained from all adult participants prior to beginning the online survey, which was administered via a secure university platform on 20 November 2024. Participants were recruited through social media posts and the Zoom platform during classes. Before accessing the survey, participants reviewed a detailed information sheet outlining the study’s purpose, procedures, confidentiality assurances, and voluntary nature. Consent was recorded through a mandatory checkbox confirming agreement to participate, the use of anonymized data for academic research and publication, and acknowledgment of no associated risks. Participants were also informed of their right to withdraw at any time without penalty. No minors or vulnerable individuals were included in the study.