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Article History

Received: 23 April 2025

Accepted: 30 May 2026

First Online: 8 June 2026

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: During the preparation of this manuscript, the authors used ChatGPT to assist with language refinement, academic-style polishing, and the development and debugging of Python code. After using these tools, the authors carefully reviewed and edited all content to ensure accuracy and integrity, and they take full responsibility for the final version of the work.

: Ethical approval was not required for this study. All images used were obtained from publicly accessible social media platforms (Weibo and Xiaohongshu). Prior to inclusion, all images were manually reviewed to exclude those containing identifiable human faces, ensuring compliance with ethical standards regarding privacy and portrait rights. The remaining images were used solely for academic analysis and model training.

: The study does not involve human participants or the collection of personally identifiable information requiring informed consent.