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Article History

Received: 16 April 2025

Accepted: 31 May 2026

First Online: 5 June 2026

Ethical approval

: This study protocol was approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of Quzhou College of Technology (Approval No. 2025011314; Date: January 13, 2025), prior to the commencement of the research. All procedures involving human participants were performed in strict accordance with the ethical standards of the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments. The scope of approval encompassed the entire protocol, including participant recruitment, administration of online questionnaires, collection of socioeconomic and psychological data, and the secure storage and analysis of de-identified data. No modifications to the protocol were made after approval. The committee confirmed the study posed minimal risk to participants and ensured adequate protection of their rights and interests.

: Written informed consent (electronic) was obtained from all individual participants (aged 18 or above) prior to their participation, with consent provided between 13 February 2025 and 22 February 2025. Participants were required to read a detailed electronic consent form on the survey’s landing page and click “Agree and Continue” to proceed. The scope of consent covered voluntary participation, the use of de-identified data for statistical analysis, and the publication of aggregated results. As a non-interventional survey, participants were fully informed of the study’s purpose, assured of strict anonymity (no personally identifiable information collected), and notified of their right to withdraw at any time without penalty. No vulnerable groups were involved. Raw data is stored securely for three years, and participants received 2 RMB as compensation for their time.

: The authors declare no competing interests.