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Article History

Received: 31 March 2025

Accepted: 31 May 2026

First Online: 9 June 2026

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study was conducted in compliance with ethical research guidelines, including the Declaration of Helsinki. Formal ethical approval was not obtained as the study involved only anonymous survey responses and did not collect sensitive personal data or biological materials. The study adhered to the research ethics policies of Zhejiang Gongshang University Hangzhou College of Commerce and followed the guidelines set by its Research Ethics Committee (ZJHZCC-REC). According to ZJHZCC-REC Research Ethics Guidelines, ethics approval is not required for studies that: 1. Collect anonymous survey data without personally identifiable information. 2. Do not involve medical interventions, biological samples, or experiments on human subjects; 3. Ensure voluntary participation and confidentiality. A written confirmation from ZJHZCC-REC, stating that ethics approval was not required has been obtained and is submitted as a cover letter alongside this manuscript. All research procedures complied with the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki.

: Informed consent was obtained from all participants via consent statement integrated into the survey between 05 April 2024 and 05 June 2024. Participants were informed of the following: 1. Their responses would be used solely for academic research purpose. 2. Participation was entirely voluntary, and they could withdraw at any time form the survey without consequence. 3. All data would be anonymized, with no personal identifiers retained, ensuring confidentiality. Consent was documented through a checkbox acknowledgment on the survey form prior to participation.