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Article History

Received: 8 December 2025

Accepted: 1 June 2026

First Online: 9 June 2026

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study involves qualitative research with human participants. Ethical approval for the broader research project under which this study was conducted was obtained from the Research Ethics Committee of the Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo. The review number was 25-169 and the approval number was KE25-163. All procedures were conducted in accordance with the ethical guidelines for research involving human participants and qualitative social science research. All interview participants were informed of the purpose of the research, the voluntary nature of their participation, and their right to withdraw from the study, and provided consent prior to participation. Interviews were anonymised during transcription and analysis to protect participant identities. The collected data were stored securely and used exclusively for academic research purposes.

: This study involves qualitative research with human participants. Ethical approval for the broader research projectunder which this study was conducted was obtained from the Research Ethics Committee of the Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo. All procedures were conducted in accordance with the ethical guidelines forresearch involving human participants and qualitative social science research. All interview participants were informed of the purpose of the research, the voluntary nature of their participation, and their right to withdraw from the study, and provided consent prior to participation. Interviews were anonymised during transcription and analysis to protect participant identities. The collected data were stored securely and used exclusively for academic research purposes.