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Article History

Received: 21 April 2025

Accepted: 6 June 2026

First Online: 13 June 2026

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: Our study did not require further ethics committee approval, as it was conducted using publicly available data and did not involve animal or human clinical trials, and was ethical. In accordance with the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki, all participants provided informed consent before participating in the study. The anonymity and confidentiality of the participants were guaranteed, and participation was completely voluntary.

: This study is based on publicly available, de-identified secondary data from the CMDS, conducted by the China Population and Development Research Center. As no human participants were directly contacted, no personal identifiers were accessed or used, and the analysis involved only anonymized aggregate-level or individual-level survey records, informed consent was not required.