Document is current

Article History

Received: 9 February 2025

Accepted: 9 June 2026

First Online: 16 June 2026

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study involved human participants and received ethical approval from the Ethics Committee of Macau University of Science and Technology (No. 202402005), granted in February 2024. The approval covered the collection and analysis of survey data from adult participants aged 18 years or older. The review board determined that the study involved no more than minimal risk and that potential societal benefits were anticipated. As this research did not involve medical procedures or human experimentation, it posed minimal risk to participants. Data were collected via an online survey in accordance with the approved protocol and the ethical requirements of the approving institution. The research was conducted in accordance with the principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki.

: Informed consent was obtained electronically from all participants prior to survey participation in 2024. Participants were recruited through WeChat chat groups at two universities in China. Participants were informed that, upon completing the study, they would receive RMB 2 (Sample 1) or RMB 3 (Sample 2). Before completing the questionnaire, each participant was presented with an online consent form describing the purpose of the study, the anonymity of their responses, and the use of the data for academic research and publication; no foreseeable risks were associated with participation. Only participants who confirmed their consent could proceed to the questionnaire; otherwise, they were directed to the end page and thanked. Data were collected through an online survey, and all information was kept strictly anonymous and used solely for research purposes.