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Article History

Received: 9 April 2025

Accepted: 11 June 2026

First Online: 19 June 2026

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: The procedures involving human participants in this study adhere to the ethical standards of the institution and research committee, as well as the Declaration of Helsinki and its subsequent amendments, or equivalent ethical standards. The current research protocol was approved by the Academic Committee of the School of Guangzhou Huashang College on March 25, 2024 (approval number: HSSJ0021). Data collection commenced following the ethical approval.

: Prior to conducting the investigation, we designed an online questionnaire that included a written informed consent section. In this section, all participants were thoroughly informed about the purpose and aims of the study. They were also assured of their anonymity and that the collected data would only be used for academic purposes. By filling out and submitting the online questionnaire, participants indicated their voluntary consent to participate in the study.