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Authors
N Mohd Nabil, Nik Zatul-Iffah
Mohd Matore, Mohd Effendi Ewan
Zainal, Mohd Syazwan
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Faculty of Education, National University of Malaysia (GP-K021854)
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Article History
Received: 7 June 2025
Accepted: 16 June 2026
First Online: 29 June 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: The researchers confirm that all research was performed in accordance with relevant guidelines/regulations applicable when human participants are involved (e.g., Declaration of Helsinki or similar). The study received approval from the Educational Policy Planning and Research Division, Ministry of Education, Malaysia (KPM. 600-3/2/3-eras (19883) on 8th April 2024. Written consent was acquired from the parents’ respondents.
: Informed consent was obtained in written form from all participants and/or their legal guardians prior to data collection. The consent process was conducted from September 2024–December 2024 by the researcher. Consent was obtained directly from the students, and for participants under the age of 18, additional consent was obtained from their parents or legal guardians.
