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Article History

Received: 20 November 2025

Accepted: 18 June 2026

First Online: 1 July 2026

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: Before the data collection, the researcher has obtained an ethical approval from the Ethical Committee at the College of Management and Technology at the Arab Academy for Science, Technology and Maritime Transport in March 2025 under number 115/2025). Furthermore, Prior to data collection, the author obtained explicit consent from all participants involved in this study to include their responses in this article, ensuring both their anonymity and confidentiality. Therefore, the current study adhered to ethical guidelines recommended by relevant disciplinary and interdisciplinary organizations, including but not limited to the American Anthropological Association, the American Psychological Association, and the British Sociological Association.

: “This article does not contain any studies with human participants performed by any of the authors.”