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Article History

Received: 17 February 2026

Accepted: 22 June 2026

First Online: 27 July 2026

Ethics

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

Ethical approval: This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and national research committees and with the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments. Ethical approval was obtained from the Research Ethics Committee at Northern Border University (Approval No. 24/22/58, dated 1 January 2025). The approval covered all procedures involving participant recruitment, data collection, and analysis.

Informed consent: Written informed consent was obtained from all participants between 15 and 23 February 2025, prior to data collection using a signed consent form. Participants received full information about the study aims, procedures, voluntary participation, potential risks, and their right to withdraw at any stage without consequences. Informed consent covered participation, data handling, and the publication of anonymised results. Participants were informed that all data would be used exclusively for research purposes and stored securely. The study did not involve vulnerable groups, and no personally identifiable information, images, or biometric data were collected. All data were anonymised to protect confidentiality and participant privacy.