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Authors
Jiang, Chaoxin
Fan, Xu Li https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5014-8180
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Shanghai Planning Fund of Philosophy and Social Science (2024ESH004)
Shanghai Social Science Innovation Research Base of "Research on Transitional Sociology with Chinese Characteristics"
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Article History
Received: 29 July 2025
Accepted: 22 June 2026
First Online: 24 July 2026
Ethics
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
Ethics approval: Ethical approval for the study was granted by the Institutional Review Board at the National University of Singapore (approval number: LS-17-326). All procedures were conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the committee and the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments.
Informed consent: All participants in this study were informed about the purpose and scope of the research prior to data collection. Participation was voluntary, and informed consent was obtained from the primary caregivers of each participating household for both themselves and their children.
