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Article History

Received: 12 May 2025

Accepted: 25 June 2026

First Online: 7 July 2026

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: Ethical approval for the present study was formally issued by the Committee for Protecting Human Subjects, Artificial Intelligence and Human Languages Lab, Beijing Foreign Studies University dated from 30th August 2021 to 30th July 2025. This research was conducted solely within China without any data collection or experimental sites in other countries, so additional local ethical approvals from overseas jurisdictions are not required. All experimental activities in this study were strictly performed in compliance with the institutional ethical regulations governing research involving human participants at Beijing Foreign Studies University.

: Informed consent was obtained from 9 th May, 2023 to 15 th May, 2023. Participation was voluntary. The study did not induce any physical, emotional, or psychological issues in the participants and did not involve any privacy risks or main ethical issues. All participants provided consent, emphasizing the voluntary nature of the participation. Participants were informed that they could withdraw from the study at any time, regardless of which phase they were in, without any penalty. They were also informed about the procedures before the tasks. They were aware of what would happen and how the tasks would be done.