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Article History

Received: 16 April 2025

Accepted: 2 July 2026

First Online: 6 July 2026

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: All procedures performed in studies involving human participants adhered to the institutional and national research committee’s ethical standards, the 1964 Helsinki Declaration, and its subsequent amendments or comparable ethical standards. The questionnaire and methodology for this study were approved by the Human Research Ethics Committee of *** University (Ethics approval number: XMUs-22/0406) on 6 April 2022. The scope of the approval encompassed research on ensuring informed consent, preserving privacy and confidentiality, minimizing harm, and compliance with all relevant regulations.

: All participants in this study provided written informed consent before completing the questionnaire. The consent process was conducted digitally. Participants confirmed their voluntary consent through an online consent form that adhered to the principles when completing the questionnaire online at their respective universities from November 26 to December 6, 2022. Participants were fully informed about the purpose of the study, the voluntary nature of their participation, and their rights, including the right to withdraw at any time without consequences. The consent covered participation in the study, the use of data for academic research, and the publication of anonymized results. As this study involved a non-interventional questionnaire survey, all data were fully anonymized before analysis, ensuring no personally identifiable information was collected or traceable. Participants were explicitly assured that their anonymity would be protected and that there were no risks associated with participation. No vulnerable individuals, such as minors or patients, were involved; therefore, no additional guardian consent was required for this study.