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Authors
Wang, Yingjie
Xia, Qianqian
Gu, Liyue
Li, Yan
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Educational Science Planning project of Zhejiang Province (2023SCG038)
Research project of Zhejiang Federation of Social Sciences (2025N176)
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Article History
Received: 6 August 2025
Accepted: 8 July 2026
First Online: 21 July 2026
Ethics
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
Ethics approval and consent to participate: This study was performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Shanghai Normal University(approval number: 2023,No.40) in March 8th 2023.
Informed consent: Before the data collection, we provided informed consent to all preschool children’s parents participated in the study, which mainly included a brief description of the study content and purpose. After writing the informed consent in June 2023, all the participants started filling out the questionnaire survey. Participation in the study was completely voluntary and participants could quit at any time during the survey. Any information provided by the participants will be kept strictly confidential and used only for research purposes.
