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Authors
Du, Yu
Liao, Yuxi
Luo, Renfu
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China (72442021)
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Article History
Received: 24 June 2025
Accepted: 10 July 2026
First Online: 31 July 2026
Ethics
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
Ethical approval: The China Family Panel Studies (CFPS) adheres to relevant regulations, regularly submitting ethical review or continuing review applications to the "Peking University Biomedical Institutional Review Board" (PU IRB). The IRB approval number (IRB00001052-14010) for the CFPS project remains unchanged across different waves. Details can be found on the website: .
Informed consent: Before each wave of the CFPS interview, an Informed Consent Form will be signed with the respondents. For respondents aged 15 and above, they sign the form themselves; for those under 15, their guardians sign on their behalf. Details can be found on the website: .
