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Article History

Received: 25 June 2025

Accepted: 15 July 2026

First Online: 3 October 2026

Ethics

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

Ethical approval: This article does not contain any studies with human participants performed by any of the authors. The manuscript has been granted an exemption from requiring ethical approval by the institutional ethics committee of National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology. The exemption was granted based on the nature of the study, which involved minimal risk to participants and did not entail any invasive procedures or sensitive topics. In addition, the following description of this research case is exempt from the ethics review committee review due to one of the following circumstances: 1. Unregistered, non-interactive, and non-intrusive research is conducted in public, and no specific individuals are identified from the information collected. 2. There is no invasive method for collecting the required data in this study. 3. This study adhered to ethical guidelines and principles, ensuring the protection of participants’ rights and confidentiality throughout the research process.

Informed consent: The written consent form provided detailed information about the study’s objectives, procedures, potential risks, and participants’ rights, allowing them to make an informed decision about their participation. The following informed consent statement was provided at the end of the informed consent form. By proceeding with the survey, you indicate that you have read and understood this consent form, are at least 18 years old, voluntarily agree to participate, have had the opportunity to ask questions, and understand you can withdraw at any time.