Document is current

Article History

Received: 20 July 2025

Accepted: 17 July 2026

First Online: 23 July 2026

Ethics

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

Ethical approval: This study received ethical clearance and was approved on June 25, 2024 by the Academic (Ethics) Committee of the School of Public Administration, Guangdong University of Finance, China (Approval No. 20240625). The review process ensured that all research procedures complied with institutional guidelines, the principles outlined in the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its subsequent amendments, and comparable ethical standards.

Informed consent: During the data collection period from July to November 2024, participants provided informed consent electronically. The online questionnaire included a comprehensive information section detailing the study’s purpose, data handling procedures, and participant rights. Respondents were required to actively confirm their understanding and willingness to participate by checking a consent box. This approach ensured that participants had the opportunity to review all relevant information before granting consent. It was explicitly stated that all data collected through the survey would remain anonymous.