Document is current

Article History

Received: 14 April 2025

Accepted: 17 July 2026

First Online: 24 July 2026

Ethics

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

Ethical approval: This study was part of a larger research programme approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of Beijing Normal University (approval number for the larger research programme: 202102230005; approval date: February 2021). The current study falls within the scope of the approved larger research programme. The IRB of Beijing Normal University was the only ethics committee involved in the current study. All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. The scope of approval covered research aims, research design and methods, as well as participant-related protocols, including recruitment methods, compensation, and potential risks and benefits.

Informed consent: The digital consent form was displayed at the beginning of the online recruitment questionnaire. One question asked participants whether they had read the consent form and agreed to participate. All participants provided informed consent before participating in the study. Electronic informed consent was obtained from all participants between October 2021 and November 2021, after IRB approval was granted in February 2021. The scope of consent included participation, the use and sharing of de-identified data, and consent to publish.