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Authors
Eoh, Yookyung
Choi, Jong-min
Kim, Jinju
Jang, Deok Hyun
Park, Kwanyoung
Jang, Won Mo https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3277-7706
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Research Foundation of Korea (RS-2024-00342014)
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Article History
Received: 30 July 2025
Accepted: 17 July 2026
First Online: 27 July 2026
Ethics
Competing interests: Deok Hyun Jang is affiliated with Gallup Korea ( ) but did not received any funding from them for this work. The other authors declare no conflict of interest.
Ethical approval: This study was reviewed and approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of the Seoul Metropolitan Government, Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center (IRB No. 07-2025-11) on 28 April 2025. The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.
Informed consent: The IRB waived the need for informed consent, in accordance with Article 16(3) of the Bioethics and Safety Act of the Republic of Korea, on 28 April 2025 because only anonymized pre-survey data were analyzed.¹ ¹ Bioethics and Safety Act of the Republic of Korea, Article 16(3): [Official URL ].
