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Article History

Received: 2 October 2025

Accepted: 18 July 2026

First Online: 25 July 2026

Ethics

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

Ethical approval: All procedures performed in this study were in accordance with the ethical standards of the university. Ethical clearance and approval [Reference No. HR-0104-2025] were granted by East China Normal University Committee on Human Research Protection (UCHRP) on March 11, 2025.

Informed consent: Verbal and signed consent to participate was obtained from all participants involved in this study, including the school principal, teachers, and older adult learners at Chun Hui Older Adult School (pseudonym) in Shanghai, China. For the principal and teachers, informed consent was obtained at the beginning of each interview between May 19 and May 21, 2025. For the older adult learners, informed consent was obtained at the beginning of each interview between May 19 and May 30, 2025. Consent for the classroom observation was obtained from the school principal on May 13, 2025.