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Authors
Li, Yi
Tian, YuHeng
Ndubisi, Nelson Oly
Li, Gang
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Humanities and Social Sciences Youth Foundation of Ministry of Education of China (No.25YJC630070)
Soft Science Project of Xi'an (No. 25RKYJ0046)
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Article History
Received: 27 July 2025
Accepted: 20 July 2026
First Online: 25 July 2026
Ethics
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
Ethical approval: The authors confirm that the survey conducted in this study adhered to the standards outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki. The research procedure was approved by School of Economics & Management at Xidian University (Date:2023.4.5/NO.XDU-ECMS-2023-012).
Informed consent: All participants were managerial staff from Chinese manufacturing enterprises, each having received the interview invitation and study description via email. The interviews were conducted between April 10, 2023, and June 30, 2023. Prior to the interviews, verbal informed consent was obtained from all respondents. Participants were informed of the research objectives, the anonymous use of their responses, and their right to withdraw from the study at any stage. They were also given the option to review interview transcripts post-interview and make adjustments or revisions as they deemed appropriate.
