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Article History

Received: 23 September 2025

Accepted: 20 July 2026

First Online: 27 July 2026

Ethics

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

Ethical statements: This study used secondary data from WVS-7, which had obtained ethics approval from the relevant institutional review boards and informed consent from all participants. No new data were collected by the authors.

Informed consent: All participants in WVS-7 provided informed consent at the time of the original data collection. The data were fully anonymized before being made publicly available. No further consent was required for the secondary analysis conducted in this study.