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Article History

Received: 17 October 2024

Accepted: 23 July 2026

First Online: 8 August 2026

Ethics

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

Ethical approval: This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments. Ethical approval was obtained from the Ethics Committee of the School of Physical Education, Shaanxi Normal University (Approval Date: March 19, 2022). The study protocol, including the research plan and ethics application form, was reviewed and approved in full.

Informed consent: All participants received an electronic information sheet outlining the purpose of the study, procedures involved, the voluntary nature of participation, their right to withdraw at any time without penalty, and assurances regarding data confidentiality and anonymity. Informed consent was obtained electronically from all participants prior to the completion of the online questionnaire. No identifiable personal data were collected, and all responses were anonymized at the point of submission.