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Article History

Received: 23 September 2025

Accepted: 24 July 2026

First Online: 5 August 2026

Ethics

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

Ethical approval: The ethics review panel of the Medical Ethics Committee at the Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University of Engineering approved this study on April 11, 2025 (Document No. AF/SC-08/02.0). The review materials included the ethics review application, the financial interest disclosure form, the scientific research protocol, and the investigator's curriculum vitae. All procedures complied with institutional and national ethical standards, including the Declaration of Helsinki (1964) and subsequent amendments.

Informed consent: Informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to their participation in the study. The written informed consent form detailed the study objectives, data collection methods, and experimental duration. All subjects signed a confirmation stating, “I have carefully read and fully understood all the above information and voluntarily agree to participate in this activity/study” (Date: from April 21, 2025, to April 28, 2025). The survey maintained strict anonymity (no collection of names, IDs, or identifiers), and all data were kept confidential for academic purposes.