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Authors
Wu, Jingchuan https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7445-6033
Lin, Xin Yao
Lin, Tian
Conroy, David E.
Almeida, David M.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Institute on Aging (T32 AG049676)
National Institute on Aging (T32 AG049666)
National Institute on Aging (P01 AG020166)
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Article History
Received: 14 October 2025
Accepted: 31 July 2026
First Online: 6 August 2026
Ethics
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
Ethical approval: The original Midlife in the United States (MIDUS) Survey protocols were reviewed and approved by the Institutional Review Board at the University of Wisconsin–Madison. The MIDUS coordinating center currently lists the Survey project under IRB Protocol No. 2016-1051. The original MIDUS research was conducted in accordance with the ethical requirements of the approving institution and applicable U.S. federal regulations for the protection of human research participants, including 45 CFR Part 46. The present study involved a secondary analysis of publicly available, de-identified MIDUS public-use data. The authors had no interaction with participants and did not obtain identifiable private information or a re-identification key. Therefore, under 45 CFR §46.102(e), no additional institutional ethical approval was required for the present secondary analysis.
Informed consent: Informed consent was obtained from all participants by the original MIDUS research team before participation. The present investigators did not recruit, contact, or interact with participants and analyzed only publicly available, de-identified MIDUS data; therefore, no additional informed consent was required for the present secondary analysis.
