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Authors
Ge, Tingshuai
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Social Science Fund of China (23XRK001)
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Article History
Received: 27 November 2025
Accepted: 20 August 2026
First Online: 27 August 2026
Declarations
Competing interests: The author declares no competing interests.
Ethical approval: Ethical approval for CHARLS was granted from the Institutional Review Board at Peking University in 2011 (IRB00001052-11015).
Informed consent: Written informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to their involvement in the survey. The present study used data from the 2011, 2013, and 2015 waves of CHARLS.
