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Article History

Received: 7 February 2026

Accepted: 27 August 2026

First Online: 8 September 2026

Declarations

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

Ethics approval and consent to participate: Ethics approval: This study focuses on multi-attribute decision-making (MADM) for oil and gas development investment, involving a novel MADM framework and effectiveness verification via a case study of six to-be-developed blocks in a Chinese oilfield, with no human subjects, human-related data, or human-participated experiments/surveys. Its objects are oil and gas investment schemes, and methods include an evaluation index system, interval fuzzy AHP, GRA-TOPSIS modeling, and case verification, without any human subject involvement, data collection, or content affecting human rights/privacy. Per academic ethics and journal requirements, ethical approval and informed consent only apply to human-subject-related studies. As this is a methodological and case study on energy investment decision-making (no human-related ethical review), they are not required. This study strictly adheres to academic ethics guidelines, ensuring an objective, impartial, and compliant research process.