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Authors
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (TAP-K008010)
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (TAP-K008010)
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (TAP-K008010)
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Article History
Received: 7 July 2025
Accepted: 29 September 2026
First Online: 9 October 2026
Declarations
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
Ethics approval and consent to participate: This study did not require formal institutional ethical approval because Malaysia’s Personal Data Protection Act 2010 (PDPA) does not apply; it involved only anonymous professional consultation for framework validation, posed no risk to participants, and did not process any personal or identifiable data. All participants provided informed consent via email before evaluating the framework. We also provided them with a Non-Disclosure Agreement. The link to the PDPA is provided here: .
