Article History
Received: 20 March 2022
Accepted: 17 November 2022
First Online: 1 December 2022
Competing interests
: None related to this research, but the organisation studied here (BC SPCA) is an important financial supporter of the UBC Animal Welfare Programme.
: The University of British Columbia Behavioural Research Ethics Board (BREB) #H19-00009 as well as the British Columbia Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (BC SPCA) approved this study. Research was performed in accordance with BREB and BC SPCA principles, research rules and guidelines. The procedures used in this study adhere to the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki.
: Informed consent was obtained for all research participants as described in the Methods.