Article History
Received: 3 December 2022
Accepted: 11 January 2024
First Online: 31 January 2024
Competing interests
: The authors declare that they have no competing interests in this research. No financial or personal relationships with other people or organizations have influenced the work reported in this paper. This statement is made for full disclosure and to ensure the research’s integrity.
: All procedures performed in this study, which did not involve human participants, were conducted following the ethical standards of Kyushu University and the relevant national research committee. This research adheres to the ethical principles of the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. Since the study did not involve any procedures requiring ethical approval by an institutional review board, no specific protocol number was assigned.
: This study did not involve human participants, and therefore, no informed consent was required. All research procedures were conducted in accordance with the ethical guidelines and standards of the Urban Institute of Kyushu University and/or the relevant national research committee.