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Article History

Received: 8 November 2023

Accepted: 25 June 2024

First Online: 9 July 2024

Competing interests

: The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

: In this study, ethical approval was granted by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of the Department of Psychology at Tsinghua University, China. The Research Ethics Committee documented this approval under the number IRB202306, following an extensive review that concluded on March 12, 2023. This approval indicates the research’s strict compliance with the IRB’s guidelines and regulations, ensuring ethical integrity and adherence throughout the study.

: Before participating, all study participants gave their informed consent. They received comprehensive details about the study’s goals, methods, potential risks and benefits, confidentiality safeguards, and their rights as participants. This process guaranteed that participants were fully informed about the study’s nature and voluntarily agreed to participate, free from coercion or undue influence.