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Article History

Received: 6 August 2024

Revised: 24 September 2024

Accepted: 8 October 2024

First Online: 16 February 2025

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

: The authors of this work declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

: ρ is the densityp is the pressureF is the external forceSM is user-defined source term is the gravitational body forceε is the dissipation rateω is the turbulent dissipation rate is the turbulent or eddy viscosityE is the internal energyf  is the mean mixture fraction is the generation of turbulence kinetic energy due to mean velocity gradients is the generation of is the effective diffusivity of is the effective diffusivity of is the cross-diffusion term and are user-defined source terms is the dissipation of due to turbulence is the dissipation of due to turbulence is the generation of turbulence kinetic energy due to buoyancy, , and are model constants is the turbulent Prandtl number of CFD—Computational Fluid DynamicsLES—Large Eddy SimulationNOx—Nitrous Oxide emissionsRANS—Reynolds’ Averaged Navier StokesSST—Shear Stress Transport