Li, M.
Xie, X.
Zhang, Ya.
Tian, J.
Xu, Sh.
Lu, Zh.
Article History
Received: 4 June 2025
Revised: 20 July 2025
Accepted: 24 July 2025
First Online: 8 February 2026
ETHICS APPROVAL AND CONSENT TO PARTICIPATE
: The study was approved by the Ethics committee of Liaoning Fisheries Administration Bureau, China (approval no. LSYXFZ20111105 dated January 3, 2019). Sample collection of the spotted seals from Liaodong Bay is authorized by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China (permit no. 1376). All applicable international, national and/or institutional guidelines for the care and use of animals have been followed.
: The authors of this work declare that they have no conflicts of interest.