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Article History

Received: 22 May 2023

Revised: 8 July 2023

Accepted: 24 July 2023

First Online: 20 September 2024

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

: The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

: <i>T</i>—temperature, [K]; <i>w</i>—weight concentration, [%]; <i>g</i>—gravity acceleration, [m/s²]; <i>P</i>—pressure, [Pa]; <i>L</i>—length, [m]; <i>Q</i>—heat flux, [W]; <i>S</i>—area, cross section, [m²]; <i>H</i>—height, excess, [m]; Re—Reynolds number; <i>q</i>—heat flux density, [W/m²]; <i>d</i>—diameter, [m]; <i>k</i>—thermal conductivity coefficient, [W/(K m)]; <i>h</i>—heat transfer coefficient, [W/(K m²)]; <i>H</i>_ev—specific heat of vaporization, [J/kg]; <i>V</i>_<i>l</i>—coolant filling volume, [mL]; <i>T</i>_<i>s</i>—saturation temperature; —mass flow rate, [kg/s].

: β 1—correlating factor of hydrostatic potential utilization; δ—thickness, [m]; η—dynamic viscosity, [Pa s]; ρ—density, [kg/m³]; σ—surface tension coefficient, [N/m].

: LTS—loop thermosyphon, TTS—traditional thermosyphon, amb—environment, cw—cooling water, ev—evaporator, <i>g</i>—hydrostatic, in—input, out—output, <i>l</i>—liquid, <i>v</i>—steam, <i>h</i>—heater.