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Article History

Received: 27 September 2024

Revised: 2 October 2024

Accepted: 2 October 2024

First Online: 22 March 2025

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

: The authors of this work declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

: Logging data, particularly from oil and gas wells, have a complex structure. Similar to previous works [, , ], we employ the following preprocessing steps to address potential data issues:1. Filling missing values. We use the forward fill methods to fill missing values in the four selected features;2. Correcting sensor errors. This step involves removing outliers. Data points are discarded where the difference between CALI (caliper) and BS (bit size) exceeds 0.35;3. Dropping missing values in labels. We drop data where any labeling information is missing;4. Standardization. This step is applied to make the features uniform;5. Sampling intervals. We sample pairs of intervals of a fixed length. In most cases, the depth difference between two point measurements is 0.1524 of a foot.