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Article History

Received: 15 February 2025

Revised: 10 March 2025

Accepted: 12 March 2025

First Online: 28 September 2025

ETHICS APPROVAL AND CONSENT TO PARTICIPATE

: This article does not contain any studies involving human participants performed by any of the authors.

: Informed consent was not required for this article.

: All acute toxicity experiments were conducted using ICR mice obtained from Shanghai Slaughter Laboratory Animal Co., Ltd. (Laboratory Animal Production License No. SCXK [Shanghai] 2022-0004). Mice were housed in corn cob bedding (Beijing Keʼao Hip Lik Feed Co., Ltd.) and provided with Co-60-irradiated laboratory rat maintenance feed (Beijing Keʼao Cooperative Feed Co., Ltd.) and autoclaved drinking water in compliance with national standards GB14924.2-2001, GB14924.3-2010, and GB5749-2006.

: Female mice aged 4–5 weeks were randomly assigned to five dose groups (6 mice per group) receiving a single oral dose of DMAPH at 885.7, 984.1, 1093.5, 1215, or 1350 mg/kg via gavage. Mice were observed for signs of toxicity, including changes in behavior, paralysis, and mortality, over a 14-day period. Body weights were recorded every two days. Necropsy was performed on all deceased animals to assess internal organ integrity. Surviving mice were used to construct body weight growth curves.

: LD50 values and 95% confidence intervals were calculated using linear regression based on mortality data. All procedures were conducted in accordance with institutional guidelines for the care and use of laboratory animals. No conflicts of interest were declared by the authors.