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Authors
Alizadeh, N. https://orcid.org/0009-0001-0799-8462
Pourhadi, S. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3511-1654
Matlabi, H. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3090-3214
Sum, S. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0183-6101
Delbari, A. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5618-5409
Geraili, Z. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1843-6614
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Article History
Received: 9 March 2025
Revised: 1 November 2025
Accepted: 6 November 2025
First Online: 17 December 2025
ETHICS APPROVAL AND CONSENT TO PARTICIPATE
: This study was conducted following the approval of the Babol University of Medical Sciences Ethics Committee (1400.191.IR.MUBABOL.REC). After obtaining permission and a letter of introduction, the research team visited the “Retired Education Staff Association of Tabriz.” During an in-person meeting and through a video file, participants were informed about the study’s objectives and procedures. Potential risks, participants’ right to withdraw from the study at any time, the right to refuse to answer questions, and measures for protecting anonymity and confidentiality were fully explained. After receiving written and verbal, informed consent, instructions on using smartphones and the WhatsApp application were provided. To maintain participant privacy, no WhatsApp group was created to prevent access to each other’s phone numbers.
: The authors of this work declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
