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Article History

Received: 24 July 2025

Revised: 6 September 2025

Accepted: 17 September 2025

First Online: 23 December 2025

ETHICS APPROVAL AND CONSENT TO PARTICIPATE

: This work does not contain any studies involving human and animal subjects.

: The authors of this work declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

: The GWAS summary statistics analyzed in this study are publicly accessible for download by qualified researchers. GWAS datasets for VI, HGS, and BMI are accessible via the IEU OPEN GWAS data portal [ ]. The original researches were granted approvals from ethics committees with respect to human experimentation. No separate ethical approval was required in this study.

: All analyses used in this study were performed using R4.3.2 and the R software package TwoSampleMR (version 0.5.7), MVMR (version 0.4), meta (version 7.0-0), MRPRESSO (version 1.0), RadialMR (version 1.1), LDLinkR (version 1.4.0), and MendelianRandomization (version 0.9.0).