Funding for this research was provided by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China (42271414)
Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (BK20231410)
Article History
Received: 3 September 2025
Accepted: 14 January 2026
First Online: 21 January 2026
Declarations
:
: Not applicable.
: Not applicable.
: The study utilized fully anonymized mobile phone data, which were processed following relevant data protection and privacy guidelines to ensure confidentiality. Ethical approval was not necessary.
: The authors declare no competing interests.