Funding for this research was provided by:
(1) the UKRI DAFNI Centre of Excellence for Resilient Infrastructure Analysis (ST/Y003705/1)
(1) the UKRI DAFNI Centre of Excellence for Resilient Infrastructure Analysis (ST/Y003705/1)
(1) the UKRI DAFNI Centre of Excellence for Resilient Infrastructure Analysis (ST/Y003705/1)
Alan Turing Institute (QUANT2–Contract–CID–3815811)
Alan Turing Institute (QUANT2–Contract–CID–3815811)
UK Regions Digital Research Facility ((UK RDRF) EP/M023583/1)
UK Regions Digital Research Facility ((UK RDRF) EP/M023583/1)
UK Regions Digital Research Facility ((UK RDRF) EP/M023583/1)
Article History
Received: 26 August 2025
Accepted: 23 January 2026
First Online: 3 February 2026
Declarations
:
: Not applicable.
: Not applicable.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.