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Authors
Jiang, Qifeng https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2459-5689
Xu, Hongtai
Wei, Wei
Rong, Mianshui
Zhang, Huiping
Wang, Hui
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
the Spark Program of Earthquake Sciences (XH24024YC)
Key Technology Research and Development Program of Shandong Province (2024TSGC0127)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (42488301)
the Special Project for Cultivating Scientific and Technological Innovation Teams of Shandong Earthquake Agency (TD202303)
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Article History
Received: 25 September 2025
Accepted: 16 December 2025
First Online: 28 December 2025
Declarations
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: The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
