Wang, Zhuo
Li, Jian
Liu, Ang
Dong, Mianxiong
Hou, Yanyan
Funding for this research was provided by:
the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (3282025009)
Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation, Research on the Robustness of Quantum Neural Networks against Adversarial Attacks in Noisy Environments (ZR2025MS1063)
Article History
Received: 23 May 2023
Accepted: 31 December 2025
First Online: 29 January 2026
Declarations
:
: Not applicable
: Not applicable
: The authors declare no competing interests.