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Authors
Jian, Ting-Yan
Huang, Sheng-Yu
Chang, Chia-Yu
Huang, Chih-Heng
Kiew, Lik Voon
Lin, Yu-Ling
Lin, Yueh-Te
Liu, Yen-Chin
Chen, Yen-Chen
Huang, Yi-Xuan
Chou, Hao-Syun
Yap, Sook Fan
Chen, An-Yu
Chen, Yen-Chen
Liang, Yu-Chuan
Kung, Yu-An
Wang, Pei-Yu
Huang, Peng-Nien
Huang, Chung-Guei
Chang, Chia-Ching
Shih, Shin-Ru
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Science and Technology Council (NSTC 113-2321-B-016-002)
National Science and Technology Council (NSTC 110-2320-B-001-012-MY3)
National Science and Technology Council (NSTC 111-2112-M-A49-025)
Ministry of National Defense Medical Affairs Bureau (MAB-C02-112014)
University of Tunku Abdul Rahman (IPSR/RMC/UTARRF/2022-C1/Y02)
National Science and Technology Council of Taiwan (NSTC 111-2321-B-A49-007)
Ministry of Education (The Center for Intelligent Drug Systems and Smart Biodevices (IDS2B) at NYCU supported this work through the Higher Education Sprout Project)
Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou (CORPD1K0011-12)
Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan (MOST 111-2634-F-182-001)
National Institutes of Health, USA (U01 AI151698)
Ministry of Education, Taiwan (Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections from the Featured Areas Research Center Program within the framework of the Higher Education Sprout Project)
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Article History
Received: 20 November 2025
Accepted: 3 February 2026
First Online: 16 February 2026
Declarations
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: Experiments involving infectious SARS-CoV-2 were conducted in Institutional Biosafety Committee-approved BSL3 and A-BSL3 facilities at the National Defense Medical Center. Animal studies were conducted in accordance with the Animal Research: Reporting of In Vivo Experiments guidelines. The protocol for PBMC isolation from healthy donors was approved by Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taiwan (IRB number # 202001041A3C).
: The manuscript has been approved by all the authors.
: Part of the findings in this study were used to support an application for a United States patent, which was subsequently granted on December 14, 2022 (Patent No. 63/387,452 with C.C.C., C.Y.C., S.R.S., and S.Y.H. as the inventors and National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University as the Assignee). The authors report no other competing interests.
